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1. Introduction The field of artificial intelligence, particularly in the domain of natural language processing (NLP), has seen remarkable advancements with the development of large language models (LLMs). These models have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in understanding and generating human-like text. However, as we push the boundaries of what’s possible with classical computing, researchers are increasingly…

Introduction In the realms of neuroscience and artificial intelligence, two concepts have emerged as powerful explanatory frameworks for understanding learning and adaptation: Karl Friston’s free energy principle in biology and backpropagation in machine learning. While originating from different fields, these concepts share intriguing parallels and offer complementary insights into the nature of intelligence, both biological…

Introduction The field of artificial intelligence, particularly in the domain of large language models (LLMs) based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), has seen remarkable advancements in recent years. These models, capable of generating human-like text and performing complex language tasks, have become a subject of intense study not only in computer science but also in…

The part of the LLM process that is most intriguing is the embedding of multidimensional vector values and direction as a distribution of weights and biases across an artificial neural network. Even more so as the process builds a composite “memory” across the ANN. A memory that appears to increment vector values across the distribution…

Introduction The field of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and information theory encompasses a rich tapestry of interconnected concepts that form the backbone of modern machine learning and cognitive science. This essay explores the intricate relationships between several key ideas: Hebbian learning, stable energy states, ANN memory, local energy minima, backpropagation, and Shannon’s entropy. By examining…

Introduction Stephen Wolfram’s book “A New Kind of Science,” published in 2002, presents a radical and controversial theory that suggests cellular automata are a fundamental concept underlying the complexities of our universe. Wolfram proposes that the study of these simple computational systems can provide insights into a wide range of natural phenomena and potentially revolutionize…